Effects of Green and Chemical Cerium Oxides Nanoparticles on the Blood Profile and Liver Enzymes of Cirrhinus mrigala
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57074/0024Keywords:
Chemical cerium oxide, green cerium oxide, hematology, liver, nanoparticles, Cirrhinus mrigala, toxicityAbstract
As nanotechnology advances, minute contaminants are increasingly found in both the terrestrial and aquatic environments, raising concerns about nanoparticle pollution such as cerium oxide. They could be consumed by fish and other aquatic life, leading to poisoning, illness, and even death. The goal of the current study was to investigate how cerium oxide nanoparticles physically affected the freshwater Cirrhinus mrigala's liver and hematological markers. Fish for 28 days were exposed to two dosages of each type: 50 mg and 100 mg. The fingerlings in each experimental aquarium were twelve. Following CRD, hepatotoxicity was measured in a spectrophotometer Microlab 300® using the QCA diagnostic kit method for markers such as ALT and AST, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin. Hematological parameters were evaluated by CBC tests, which included hemoglobin, hematocrit, differential RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. One-way ANOVA was used to statistically examine the data. This study showed that both chemically produced cerium oxide nanoparticles and green cerium oxide had an effect on the liver and blood profile of Cirrhinus mrigala. Histopathological analysis revealed cellular deterioration and necrosis in the liver tissue. Hematological markers like white blood cell counts and hemoglobin levels showed notable variability in the blood profile. These results suggested that both kinds of nanoparticles may have toxicological consequences on fish.
References
AbuQamar, S. F., El-Saadony, M. T., Alkafaas, S. S., Elsalahaty, M. I., Elkafas, S. S., Mathew, B. T. & El-Tarabily, K. A. (2024). Ecological impacts and management strategies of pesticide pollution on aquatic life and human beings. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 206(1), 116613.
Adesibikan, A. A., Emmanuel, S. S., Olawoyin, C. O., & Ndungu, P. (2024). Cellulosic metallic nanocomposites for photocatalytic degradation of persistent dye pollutants in aquatic bodies: A pragmatic review. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, ,3(1) ,123087.
Aggarwal, R., & Bains, K. (2022). Protein, lysine and vitamin D: critical role in muscle and bone health. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 62(9), 2548-2559.
Agnello, L., Giglio, R. V., Bivona, G., Scazzone, C., Gambino, C. M., Iacona, A., & Ciaccio, M. (2021). The value of a complete blood count (CBC) for sepsis diagnosis and prognosis. Diagnostics, 11(10), 1881.
Ahmad, A. L., Chin, J. Y., Harun, M. H. Z. M., & Low, S. C. (2022). Environmental impacts and imperative technologies towards sustainable treatment of aquaculture wastewater: A review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 46(1), 102553.
Akhtar, N., Syakir Ishak, M. I., Bhawani, S. A., & Umar, K. (2021). Various natural and anthropogenic factors responsible for water quality degradation: A review. Water, 13(19), 2660.
Albou, E. M., Abdellaoui, M., Abdaoui, A., & Boughrous, A. A. (2024). Agricultural practices and their impact on aquatic ecosystems a mini-review. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology,5(45), 25.
Ali, A., Wei, S., Ali, A., Khan, I., Sun, Q., Xia, Q., & Liu, S. (2022). Research progress on nutritional value, preservation and processing of fish A review. Foods, 11(22), 3669.
Ammendolia, D. A., Bement, W. M., & Brumell, J. H. (2021). Plasma membrane integrity: implications for health and disease. BMC biology, 19(1), 1-29.
Anisuzzaman, S. M., Joseph, C. G., Pang, C. K., Affandi, N. A., Maruja, S. N., & Vijayan, V. (2022). Current trends in the utilization of photolysis and photocatalysis treatment processes for the remediation of dye wastewater: A short review. ChemEngineering, 6(4), 58.
Anyanwu, E. C., Arowoogun, J. O., Odilibe, I. P., Akomolafe, O., Onwumere, C., & Ogugua, J. O. (2024). The role of biotechnology in healthcare: A review of global trends. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 21(1), 2740-2752.
Araujo, S. F. C., da Silva Fonseca, R. A., & Araujo, A. S. (2025). Catalytic Nanomedicine: Antioxidant Action and Clinical Benefits Using Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles. Precision Nanomedicine, 8(2), 1473-1481.
Arechavala‐Lopez, P., Cabrera‐Álvarez, M. J., Maia, C. M., & Saraiva, J. L. (2022). Environmental enrichment in fish aquaculture: A review of fundamental and practical aspects. Reviews in Aquaculture, 14(2), 704-728.
Atanda, S. A., Shaibu, R. O., & Agunbiade, F. O. (2025). Nanoparticles in agriculture: Balancing food security and environmental sustainability. Discover Agriculture, 3(1), 26.
Awewomom, J., Dzeble, F., Takyi, Y. D., Ashie, W. B., Ettey, E. N. Y. O., Afua, P. E., & Akoto, O. (2024). Addressing global environmental pollution using environmental control techniques: a focus on environmental policy and preventive environmental management. Discover Environment, 2(1), 8.
Bhat, M. A., Gedik, K., & Gaga, E. O. (2023). Atmospheric micro (nano) plastics: future growing concerns for human health. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 16(2), 233-262.
Bjørndal, T., Dey, M., & Tusvik, A. (2024). Economic analysis of the contributions of aquaculture to future food security. Aquaculture, 578(1), 740071.
Borah, D., Das, N., Sarmah, P., Ghosh, K., Chandel, M., Rout, J., & Bhattacharjee, C. R. (2023). A facile green synthesis route to silver nanoparticles using cyanobacterium Nostoc carneum and its photocatalytic, antibacterial and anticoagulative activity. Materials Today Communications,34(1), 105110.
Boyd, C. E., McNevin, A. A., & Davis, R. P. (2022). The contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to the global protein supply. Food security, 14(3), 805-827.
Butnariu, M. (2022). Aquatic pollution and marine ecosystems. In Bacterial Fish Diseases, 23 (26) 1-29.
Buxhofer‐Ausch, V., Wolf, D., Sormann, S., Forjan, E., Schimetta, W., Gisslinger, B., & Gisslinger, H. (2021). Impact of platelets on major thrombosis in patients with a normal white blood cell count in essential thrombocythemia. European Journal of Haematology, 106(1), 58-63.
Chakraborty, B. (2024). Cirrhinus cirrhosus (mrigal)Fisheries, 66(9),25-29.
Chandrakala, V., Aruna, V., & Angajala, G. (2022). Review on metal nanoparticles as nanocarriers: Current challenges and perspectives in drug delivery systems. Emergent Materials, 5(6), 1593-1615.
Chen, H., & Luo, D. (2023). Application of haematology parameters for health management in fish farms. Reviews in Aquaculture, 15(2), 704-737.
Cooke, S. J., Auld, H. L., Birnie-Gauvin, K., Elvidge, C. K., Piczak, M. L., Twardek, W. M., & Muir, A. M. (2023). On the relevance of animal behavior to the management and conservation of fishes and fisheries. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 106(5), 785-810.
Côté, D., León, A., Huynh, A. T., Dubé, J., MacEachen, E., Hopwood, P., & Amoako, J. (2025). Tackling Paradoxes and Double Binds for a Healthier Workplace: Insights from the Early COVID-19 Responses in Quebec and Ontario. Humans, 5(2), 12.
da Cunha, R. L. D., & de Brito-Gitirana, L. (2020). Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the intestine, liver, and kidney of Danio rerio. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 203(1), 111032.
Das, S. S., Choudhury, D., Nanda, S., Khuntia, B. K., & Rout, S. K. (2023). Effect of normal saline diluted Wova-FH on breeding performance and larval rearing of Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham, 1822). Journal of Experimental Zoology India, 26(1), 34-46.
Dekov, V. M., Komy, Z., Araujo, F., Van Put, A., & Van Grieken, R. (1997). Chemical composition of sediments, suspended matter, river water and ground water of the Nile (Aswan-Sohag traverse). Science of the Total Environment, 201(3), 195-210.
Dolai, J., Mandal, K., & Jana, N. R. (2021). Nanoparticle size effects in biomedical applications. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 4(7), 6471-6496.
Elhetawy, A. I., Mansour, A. T., Lotfy, A. M., Mansour, A. I., Shahin, S. A., Zayed, M. M., & Abdel-Rahim, M. M. (2025). Integrated aquaculture of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax: impacts on performance, welfare, blood physiological response, carcass traits, productivity, and farm profitability. Aquaculture International, 33(4), 252.
Filote, C., Roșca, M., Hlihor, R. M., Cozma, P., Simion, I. M., Apostol, M., & Gavrilescu, M. (2021). Sustainable application of biosorption and bioaccumulation of persistent pollutants in wastewater treatment: Current practice. Processes, 9(10), 1696.
Fuhrmann-Lieker, T. (2024). Nanoscience or Nanosciences? The Interdisciplinary Discipline. NanoEthics, 18(3), 1-8.
Gigl, F., Abdullahi, M., Barnard, M., Hollert, H., & Orsini, L. (2024). Interactions between phenanthrene exposure and historical chemical stress: Implications for fitness and ecological resilience of the sentinel species Daphnia magna. Science of The Total Environment, 949(1), 174963.
Gökçe, D. (2021). Influences of nanoparticles on aquatic organisms: Current situation of nanoparticles effects in aquatic ecosystems. Sustainable Engineering and Innovation, 3(1), 54-60.
Golden, C. D., Koehn, J. Z., Shepon, A., Passarelli, S., Free, C. M., Viana, D. F., & Thilsted, S. H. (2021). Aquatic foods to nourish nations. Nature, 598(7880), 315-320.
Gredar, T., Šarac, A., Prša, P., Fišer, Ž., & Mali, L. B. (2024). Morphology and differential counts of blood cells as important health indicators in the olm, Proteus anguinus. Amphibia-Reptilia, 45(4), 399-414.
Guerrera, M. C., Aragona, M., Porcino, C., Fazio, F., Laurà, R., Levanti, M., & Germanà, A. (2021). Micro and nano plastics distribution in fish as model organisms: histopathology, blood response and bioaccumulation in different organs. Applied Sciences, 11(13), 5768.
Güngör, S., & Bakan, B. (2025). Novel synthesized, characterization and in vitro toxicological evaluation of amino acid-based-cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs). Drug and Chemical Toxicology,3(1), 1-12.
Gupta, D., Varghese, B. S., Suresh, M., Panwar, C., & Gupta, T. K. (2022). Nanoarchitectonics: Functional nanomaterials and nanostructures A review. Journal of nanoparticle Research, 24(10), 196.
Hamasalih, I. K., Salih, A. M., Sdiq, S. J. M., Yaqub, K. Q., Raheem, S. M., & Latif, A. D. (2025). Tanjaro River pollution and its impact on the aquatic food chain. Science and Education, 5(3), 235-244.
Hamed, H. S., Amen, R. M., Elelemi, A. H., Mahboub, H. H., Elabd, H., Abdelfattah, A. M., & Ismail, A. K. (2022). Effect of dietary Moringa oleifera leaves nanoparticles on growth performance, physiological, immunological responses, and liver antioxidant biomarkers in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Zinc oxide nanoparticles toxicity. Fishes, 7(6), 360.
Hamed, S. M., El Tablawy, N. H., Mohamed, M. Y. A., Alammari, B. S., & AbdElgawad, H. (2024). Accumulation and nano-ecotoxicological impact of cerium oxide nanoparticles on cyanobacteria: Understanding photosynthesis, detoxification, and antioxidant responses. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 12(2), 112134.
Hashemi, Z., Shirzadi-Ahoodashti, M., & Ebrahimzadeh, M. A. (2021). Antileishmanial and antibacterial activities of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles using Alcea rosea extract (AR-AgNPs). Journal of Water and Environmental Nanotechnology, 6(3), 265-276.
Henchion, M., Moloney, A. P., Hyland, J., Zimmermann, J., & McCarthy, S. (2021). Trends for meat, milk and egg consumption for the next decades and the role played by livestock systems in the global production of proteins. Animal, 15(1), 100287.
Hu, B., Liu, R., Liu, Q., Lin, Z. A., Shi, Y., Li, J., & Wu, Y. (2022). Engineering surface patterns on nanoparticles: new insights into nano-bio interactions. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 10(14), 2357-2383.
Hu, F. B. (2024). Diet strategies for promoting healthy aging and longevity: An epidemiological perspective. Journal of internal medicine, 295(4), 508-531.
Hu, F., Zhong, H., Wu, C., Wang, S., Guo, Z., Tao, M., & Liu, S. (2021). Development of fisheries in China. Reproduction and Breeding, 1(1), 64-79.
Ifeoluwa, O. B. (2019). Harmful effects and management of indiscriminate solid waste disposal on human and its environment in Nigeria: a review. Global journal of research and review, 6(1), 1-4.
Jaćimović, M., Stanković, M., Trbović, D., Nikolić, D., Smederevac-Lalić, M., & Marković, Z. (2025). Can We Turn Harmful Invasive Non-Native Fish Species into a Valuable Food Resource.Fishes,10(5), 210-214.
Jain, S. K., & Singh, V. P. (2023). Water resources systems planning and management. *Science of The Total Environment*, 44(3), 174940.
Jampílek, J., & Králľová, K. (2025). Nanotoxicity Effects of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Aquatic and Soil Ecosystems. In *Nanoscience and Soil-Water Interaction in Agroecosystem*, 29(2), 79-129.
Jankowski, K. J., Mejia, F. H., Blaszczak, J. R., & Holtgrieve, G. W. (2021). Aquatic ecosystem metabolism as a tool in environmental management. *Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water*, 8(4), 1521.
Jain, S. K., & Singh, V. P. (2023). Water resources systems planning and management. Science of The Total Environment, 44(3), 174940.
Jampílek, J., & Králľová, K. (2025). Nanotoxicity Effects of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Aquatic and Soil Ecosystems. In Nanoscience and Soil-Water Interaction in Agroecosystem, 29(2), 79-129.
Jankowski, K. J., Mejia, F. H., Blaszczak, J. R., & Holtgrieve, G. W. (2021). Aquatic ecosystem metabolism as a tool in environmental management. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 8(4), 1521.
Jewel, A. S., Haque, A., Akter, N., Akter, S., Satter, A., Sarker, P. K., & Hossain, M. B. (2024). Effects of dietary supplementation of Zn-nanoparticles on the growth performance and nutritional quality of Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 8(24), 1410557.
Joseph, T. M., Kar Mahapatra, D., Esmaeili, A., Piszczyk, Ł., Hasanin, M. S., Kattali, M., & Thomas, S. (2023). Nanoparticles: Taking a unique position in medicine. Nanomaterials, 13(3), 574.
Joudeh, N., & Linke, D. (2022). Nanoparticle classification, physicochemical properties, characterization, and applications: a comprehensive review for biologists. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 20(1), 262.
Kaur, S., Thakur, H., Singh, A., Ramasamy, V., & Mudgal, G. (2025). Poisoned Seas: Chemical Threats to Marine Life and Human Health. In Sustainable Development Goals Towards Environmental Toxicity and Green Chemistry, 3(31), 167-200.
Kavya, Vashisht, M., Jain, B., & Shrivastava, S. (2024). Transforming waste into wealth: a review on microbial conversion of organic municipal wastes to value-added products. Discover Environment, 2(1), 112.
Khan, S.A., Sherzada, S., Hussain, A., Hussain, N., & Nowosad, J. (2024). Captive Breeding and Early Developmental Dynamics of Cirrhinus mrigala: Implications for Sustainable Seed Production. Animals: an Open Access Journal from MDPI, 14(19), 2799.
Koch, I. J., & Narum, S. R. (2021). An evaluation of the potential factors affecting lifetime reproductive success in salmonids. Evolutionary Applications, 14(8), 1929-1957.
Kurian, A., & Elumalai, P. (2021). Study on the impacts of chemical and green synthesized (Leucas aspera and oxy-cyclodextrin complex) dietary zinc oxide nanoparticles in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(1), 20344-20361.
Le, T. V., & Nguyen, B. T. (2024). Heavy metal pollution in surface water bodies in provincial Khanh Hoa, Vietnam: Pollution and human health risk assessment, source quantification, and implications for sustainable management and development. Environmental Pollution, 343, 123216.
Li, J., Chen, C., & Xia, T. (2022). Understanding nanomaterial–liver interactions to facilitate the development of safer nanoapplications. Advanced Materials, 34(11), 2106456.
Loureiro, S. N., Amado, L. L., & Giarrizzo, T. (2023). A multi-tissues comparison of biomarkers in Serrasalmus rhombeus (Teleostei: Serrasalmidae) and Prochilodus nigricans (Teleostei: Prochilodontidae) from two Amazonian rivers with distinct levels of pollution. Ecological Indicators, 147(3), 109936.
Lu, Q., Yu, H., Zhao, T., Zhu, G., & Li, X. (2023). Nanoparticles with transformable physicochemical properties for overcoming biological barriers. Nanoscale, 15(32), 13202-13223.
Lv, J., Wang, S., & Meng, B. (2022). The effects of nano-additives added to diesel-biodiesel fuel blends on combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine: a review. Energies, 15(3), 1032.
Lynch, A. J., Cooke, S. J., Arthington, A. H., Baigun, C., Bossenbroek, L., Dickens, C., & Jähnig, S. C. (2023). People need freshwater biodiversity. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 10(3), e1633.
Mahjoubian, M., Naeemi, A. S., & Sheykhan, M. (2021). Toxicological effects of Ag₂O and Ag₂CO₃ doped TiO₂ nanoparticles and pure TiO₂ particles on zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chemosphere, 263(4), 128182.
Majeed, H., Iftikhar, T., & Abid, R. (2024). Green synthesis of zinc nanoparticles with plant material and their potential application in bulk industrial production of mosquito-repellent antibacterial paint formulations. Reaction Chemistry & Engineering, 9(3), 677-683.
Mandara, M. T., Arcaro, S., Porcellato, I., & Giglia, G. (2025). Skin Punch as a Potential Diagnostic Tool for Peripheral Neuropathies of Dogs: Set up of an Indirect Immunofluorescence Protocol on Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) Biopsy. Veterinary Sciences, 12(4), 291.
Meng, Z., Tang, M., Xu, S., Zhou, X., Zhang, Z., Yang, L., & Yang, W. (2025). Protective effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes loaded cerium dioxide nanoparticle against deoxynivalenol-induced liver damage. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 23(1), 215.
Milligan, J. J., & Saha, S. (2022). A nanoparticle’s journey to the tumor: Strategies to overcome first-pass metabolism and their limitations. Cancers, 14(7), 1741.
Mishra, R. K. (2023). Fresh water availability and its global challenge. British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies, 4(3), 1-78.
Mohseni, A., Salehi, F., Rostami, S., Hadiloo, K., Hashemi, M., Baridjavadi, Z., & Taheriazam, A. (2025). Harnessing the power of exosomes for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of hematological malignancies. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 16(1), 6.
Mohsin, M., Yin, H. B., Zhang, S. J., & Zhang, H. (2021). Population dynamics and fishery management of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822) in Pakistan. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 19(4), 2719-2740.
Mondal, B., Bauddh, K., Kumar, A., & Bordoloi, N. (2022). India’s contribution to greenhouse gas emission from freshwater ecosystems: a comprehensive review. Water, 14(19), 2965.
Mustafa, B. M., & Hassan, N. E. (2024). Water contamination and its effects on human health: A review. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, 28(1), 38-49.
Nabi, N., Ahmed, I., & Wani, G. B. (2022). Hematological and serum biochemical reference intervals of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss cultured in Himalayan aquaculture: Morphology, morphometrics and quantification of peripheral blood cells. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 29(4), 2942-2957.
Naiel, M. A., Abdel-Latif, H. M., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Khafaga, A. F., Elnesr, S. S., Dawood, M. A., ... & Conte-Junior, C. A. (2022). The applications of cerium oxide nanoform and its ecotoxicity in the aquatic environment: an updated insight. Aquatic Living Resources, 35(1), 9-15.
Naylor, R. L., Hardy, R. W., Buschmann, A. H., Bush, S. R., Cao, L., Klinger, D. H., & Troell, M. (2021). A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture. Nature, 591(7851), 551-563.
Nguyen, T. V., Kumar, A., & Trang, P. N. (2024). The use of fish cell lines as in-vitro ecotoxicological tools: A cellular solution to aquaculture sustainability. Aquaculture, 12(1), 741302.
NWACHI, O. F., UMEHAI, M. C., OKWUENU, R., ZELIBE, A. S., & IRABOR, A. E. (2024). Resting Systems During Spawning Season; A Determinant Factor in the Production of Ecotype Cichlid Wasefu. Journal of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Sciences, 5(2), 137-147.
Obeagu, E. I., Igwe, M. C., & Obeagu, G. U. (2024). Oxidative stress’s impact on red blood cells: Unveiling implications for health and disease. Medicine, 103(9), 37360.
Othman, A., Gowda, A., Andreescu, D., Hassan, M. H., Babu, S. V., Seo, J., & Andreescu, S. (2024). Two decades of ceria nanoparticles research: Structure, properties and emerging applications. Materials Horizons, 8(1), 123-143.
Pansambal, S., Oza, R., Borgave, S., Chauhan, A., Bardapurkar, P., Vyas, S., & Ghotekar, S. (2023). Bioengineered cerium oxide (CeO₂) nanoparticles and their diverse applications: a review. Applied Nanoscience, 13(9), 6067-6092.
Parsai, T., & Kumar, A. (2021). Setting guidelines for co-occurring nanoparticles in water medium. Science of the Total Environment, 776(1), 145175.
Parsons, J. G., Peralta-Videa, J. R., & Gardea-Torresdey, J. L. (2007). Use of plants in biotechnology: synthesis of metal nanoparticles by inactivated plant tissues, plant extracts, and living plants. Developments in Environmental Science, 5(1), 463-485.
Prabhakaran, G. K., Sunkara, M., Raghavan, R., & Umapathy, G. (2023). Development of a species-specific qPCR assay for the detection of invasive African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) using environmental DNA. Biological Invasions, 25(4), 975-982.
Pundir, S., Priya, R., Singh, K., Kaur, H., & Choudhary, P. (2023, February). A systematic study on synthesis of CeO₂ nanoparticles by various routes. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1110(1), 012030.
Qu, J., Wang, Q., Wang, R., Ma, X., Ji, F., Qian, Y., & Lu, Y. (2025). Effects of medical training therapy on injury rehabilitation and sports-specific performance in elite rock climbers: A randomized controlled trial. Injury, 56(2), 112134.
Rahman, M. A., Sultana, N., Ayman, U., Bhakta, S., Afrose, M., Afrin, M., & Haque, Z. (2022). Alcoholic fixation over formalin fixation: A new, safer option for morphologic and molecular analysis of tissues. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 29(1), 175-182.
Raj, K., & Das, A. P. (2023). Lead pollution: Impact on environment and human health and approach for a sustainable solution. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 5(1), 79-85.
Rajan, R., Pal, K., Jayadev, D., Jayan, J. S., U, A., Appukuttan, S., & Kumar, S. S. (2022). Polymeric nanoparticles in hybrid catalytic processing and drug delivery system. Topics in Catalysis, 65(19), 1860-1884.
Rana, A. K., Mishra, Y. K., Gupta, V. K., & Thakur, V. K. (2021). Sustainable materials in the removal of pesticides from contaminated water: Perspective on macro to nanoscale cellulose. Science of The Total Environment, 797(1), 149129.
Reinoso-Pérez, M. T., Dhondt, K. V., Yánez Abad, A. A., Rodríguez-García, V. M., & Dhondt, A. A. (2025). Pathogen-Induced Stress in Wild House Finches (Haemorhous mexicanus): Leukocyte Dynamics as Health Indicators. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 34 (1), 34-67.
Romero, N., Brito, A., Troiani, H. E., Nantes, I. L., Castro, G. R., & Gagneten, A. M. (2024). Assessment of endogenous and exogenous silver nanoparticles effects on the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 40(11), 343.
Rossignoli, C. M., Obi, C., Ali, S. A., Ullah, N., Khalid, S., Hafeez, M., & Shah, S. M. H. (2023). Production system and challenges of saline aquaculture in Punjab and Sindh provinces of Pakistan. Frontiers in Aquaculture, 2(1), 1302571.
Roy, P. U. S. P. E. N. D. U., & Nath, D. E. B. J. A. N. I. (2022). Toxic Effects of Metal Nanoparticles on Fish Models: A Review. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 43(23), 25-36.
Russo, A., Tellone, E., Barreca, D., Ficarra, S., & Lagana, G. (2022). Implication of COVID-19 on erythrocytes functionality: red blood cell biochemical implications and morpho-functional aspects. International journal of molecular sciences, 23(4), 2171.
Ryan, F. J., Hope, C. M., Masavuli, M. G., Lynn, M. A., Mekonnen, Z. A., Yeow, A. E. L., & Lynn, D. J. (2022). Long-term perturbation of the peripheral immune system months after infection. BMC medicine, 20(2), 1-23.
Sakr, A., Kamal, A., Jacob, L., Homsi, R., & Butt, H. (2025). Comprehensive Review on the Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Nanocomposite Contact Lenses. Polymer Reviews, 65(1), 1-46.
Samuel, M. S., Ravikumar, M., John J, A., Selvarajan, E., Patel, H., Chander, P. S., & Chandrasekar, N. (2022). A review on green synthesis of nanoparticles and their diverse biomedical and environmental applications. Catalysts, 12(5), 459.
Saxena, V. (2025). Water Quality, Air Pollution, and Climate Change: Investigating the Environmental Impacts of Industrialization and Urbanization. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 236(2), 1-40.
Scheijmans, J. C., Haijanen, J., Flum, D. R., Bom, W. J., Davidson, G. H., Vons, C., & Boermeester, M. A. (2025). Antibiotic treatment versus appendicectomy for acute appendicitis in adults: an individual patient data meta-analysis. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 10(3), 222-233.
Senthil Rathi, B., Ewe, L. S., S, S., S, S., Yew, W. K., & Tiong, S. K. (2024). Recent trends and advancement in metal oxide nanoparticles for the degradation of dyes: synthesis, mechanism, types and its application. Nanotoxicology, 18(3), 272-298.
Setyawati, R., Astuti, A., Utami, T. P., Adiwijaya, S., & Hasyim, D. M. (2024). The importance of early detection in disease management. Journal of World Future Medicine, Health and Nursing, 2(1), 51-63.
SHARMIN, M. S. (2024). Production performance of Indian major carps (Labeo rohita, Gibelion catla and Cirrhinus cirrhosus) fingerlings in overwintering ponds (Doctoral dissertation, © University of Dhaka Journal of Major Carp, 44(3), 45-56.
Shchaslyvyi, A. Y., Antonenko, S. V., & Telegeev, G. D. (2024). Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(8), 1077.
Shcherbakov, A. B., Reukov, V. V., Yakimansky, A. V., Krasnopeeva, E. L., Ivanova, O. S., Popov, A. L., & Ivanov, V. K. (2021). CeO2 nanoparticle-containing polymers for biomedical applications: A review. Polymers, 13(6), 924.
Shirsat, S. D., Mane, R. S., & Dhuldhaj, U. P. (2021). Biogenic synthesis of silicon oxide, titanium oxide and cerium oxide nanomaterials. Microbial synthesis of nanomaterials, 137(1), 43-76.
Singh, G., Thakur, N., & Kumar, R. (2024). Nanoparticles in drinking water: Assessing health risks and regulatory challenges. Science of The Total Environment, 44(3), 174940.
Singh, N. B., Kumar, B., Usman, U. L., & Susan, M. A. B. H. (2024). Nano revolution: exploring the frontiers of nanomaterials in science, technology, and society. Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects,39(1), 101299.
Singh, S., Prasad, S. M., & Bashri, G. (2023). Fate and toxicity of nanoparticles in aquatic systems. Acta Geochimica, 42(1), 63-76.
Stielow, M., Witczyńska, A., Kubryń, N., Fijałkowski, Ł., Nowaczyk, J., & Nowaczyk, A. (2023). The bioavailability of drugs the current state of knowledge. Molecules, 28(24), 8038.
Stutter, M., Baggaley, N., Lilly, A., Mellander, P. E., Wilkinson, M. E., & Ó hUallacháin, D. (2025). Cost-effectiveness of targeted riparian management for sediment and total phosphorus considering convergent surface flow pathways: an Irish case study. Discover Geoscience, 3(1), 13.
Swamy, K., Chandrashekar, N., Subramanian, R., Sukumaran, S., & Sharath Chandra, S. P. (2021). Cerium oxide nanoparticles induced physio-biochemical, neurochemical, and morphological responses in Cirrhinus mrigaladuring short term exposure. Asia-Pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 29(2), 51-61.
Thiagarajan, P., Parker, C. J., & Prchal, J. T. (2021). How do red blood cells die Frontiers in physiology,12(1) , 65-69
Todd, P. A., Russell, B. D., Lemasson, A. J., Allcock, A. L., Byrne, M., Firth, L. B., & Thiel, M. (2024). A LONG HISTORY: SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 62(62), 163-191.
Tudi, M., Daniel Ruan, H., Wang, L., Lyu, J., Sadler, R., Connell, D., & Phung, D. T. (2021). Agriculture development, pesticide application and its impact on the environment. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(3), 1112.
Turan, N. B., Erkan, H. S., Engin, G. O., & Bilgili, M. S. (2019). Nanoparticles in the aquatic environment: Usage, properties, transformation and toxicity A review. Process safety and environmental protection, 130(1), 238-249.
Van Doan, H., Hoseinifar, S. H., Ringø, E., Ángeles Esteban, M., Dadar, M., Dawood, M. A., & Faggio, C. (2020). Host-associated probiotics: a key factor in sustainable aquaculture. Reviews in fisheries science & aquaculture, 28(1), 16-42.
Velidandi, A., Dahariya, S., Pabbathi, N. P. P., Kalivarathan, D., & Baadhe, R. R. (2020). A review on synthesis, applications, toxicity, risk assessment and limitations of plant extracts synthesized silver nanoparticles. NanoWorld J, 6(3), 35-60.
Verdegem, M., Buschmann, A. H., Latt, U. W., Dalsgaard, A. J., & Lovatelli, A. (2023). The contribution of aquaculture systems to global aquaculture production. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 54(2), 206-250.
Wang, L., Wu, W. M., Bolan, N. S., Tsang, D. C., Li, Y., Qin, M., & Hou, D. (2021). Environmental fate, toxicity and risk management strategies of nanoplastics in the environment: Current status and future perspectives. Journal of hazardous materials, 401(1), 123415.
Wang, X., Wang, J., Sun, Y., Li, K., Shang, T., & Wan, Y. (2022). Recent advances and perspectives of CeO2-based catalysts: Electronic properties and applications for energy storage and conversion. Frontiers in Chemistry, 10, 1089708.
Weigelin, B., den Boer, A. T., Wagena, E., Broen, K., Dolstra, H., de Boer, R. J., & Friedl, P. (2021). Cytotoxic T cells are able to efficiently eliminate cancer cells by additive cytotoxicity. Nature communications, 12(1), 5217.
Wen, Q., Kochhar, P., Zeyada, S., Javaheri, T., & Rawassizadeh, R. (2025). From Clicks to Conversations: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Conversational Agents in Statistical Analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv, 25(2), 08114.
Witeska, M., Kondera, E., & Bojarski, B. (2023). Hematological and hematopoietic analysis in fish toxicology A review. Animals, 13(16), 2625.
Wu, D., Xu, H., Feng, W., Yang, Y., Han, T., & Wang, J. (2024). Optimal dietary lysine improves the growth performance, molting frequency, lipid metabolism, immunity and antioxidant of postlarval mud crab Scylla paramamosain. Aquaculture, 579(1), 740145.
Wuertz, S., & Muehlbauer, F. (2025). Aquaculture Development in Myanmar: Aquaculture Quo Vadis. Water, 17(3), 397.
Xin, X., Chen, B., Yang, M., Gao, S., Wang, H., Gu, W., & Zhang, B. (2023). A critical review on the interaction of polymer particles and co-existing contaminants: Adsorption mechanism, exposure factors, effects on plankton species. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 445(1), 130463.
Yang, H., Zhao, M., Xing, D., Zhang, J., Fang, T., Zhang, F., & Wang, D. (2023). Contact lens as an emerging platform for ophthalmic drug delivery: a systematic review. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18(5), 100847.
Yang, M., Chen, L., Wang, J., Msigwa, G., Osman, A. I., Fawzy, S., & Yap, P. S. (2023). Circular economy strategies for combating climate change and other environmental issues. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 21(1), 55-80.
Zaman, Q. (2024). The role of artificial intelligence in early disease detection: transforming diagnostics and treatment. Multidisciplinary Journal of Healthcare (MJH), 1(2), 43-54.
Zhang, W., Belton, B., Edwards, P., Henriksson, P. J., Little, D. C., Newton, R., & Troell, M. (2022). Aquaculture will continue to depend more on land than sea. Nature, 603(7900), E2-E4.
Zhang, Y. (2021). The Effects of Environmental Factors on the Toxicity of Nanomaterials in Fish. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 43(21), 25-32.
Zhao, K., Gaines, S. D., García Molinos, J., Zhang, M., & Xu, J. (2024). Effect of trade on global aquatic food consumption
Downloads
Published
Data Availability Statement
Data will be made available on request
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Iqra Aqram, Maryam Riasat, Rida Younas, Naureen Rana, NawazHaider Bashir, Muhmmad Naeem, Huanhuan Chen (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
